美国房产的夫妻产权

在美国,夫妻买房怎样保证彼此的权益?会不会有遗产税的问题? 到底哪种产权方式拥有房产才最符合自己的利益?本文以加州为例介绍几种常见的产权持有方式。
个人独立持有(SoleOwnership)
房产写在个人名下,房产的所有权属于个人所有。如果是已婚夫妻一方必须签署权益书或者其它书面文件声明放弃与该房产产权相关的一切利益,房屋的持者(另一方)才能拥有该房产的所有权。
这种方式的好处是房子归一人所有。买卖,租赁或抵押等一个人就可以做决定。缺点是房子以后面临继承时,会涉及到遗产税或赠与税的问题。如果房产持有人面临财产纠纷等其他债务问题时,房子也会受牵连。

普通共有(Tenancyin Common)
两人或两人以上共同持有同一套房产,持有者根据需求等分或按约定比例持有产权。这种方式没有生存者继承权。也就是说持有人可自行处置自己产权份额的权益,可以设立遗嘱,将自己部分的产权继承给他人。如果没有指明特别的比例,则产权由所有持有人平均分配。
此种方式持有人的权益在亡故后可遵从遗嘱进行指定继承,无需担心自己的产权权益拱手出让。比较适合非夫妻间的合伙人共同投资使用。

联合共有(JointTenancy)
两人或两人以上共同持有同一套房产,且每一位持有人的产权份额是均等分配的。这种方式最大的特点是强调了生存者的继承权。若其中一名联合持有人亡故,则其持有的房地产份额自动平均分配到其他共有者。联合共有产权登记的房地产不受持有人遗嘱的支配。
这种持有方式如果是几个朋友合伙投资需要仔细考虑。在这种方式下如果不幸亡故持有人的房产自动被平分到合伙人身上。家人得不到任何权益,即使有遗嘱也不起作用。
但如果是亲近的家人或者夫妻之间,可以考虑采用这种方式。好处就是其中一方持有人过世后产权可以自动转移给其他的联合持有人。避免繁琐的法律继承程序和缴纳遗产税。
如果是夫妻联合共有产权一方过世后,只有去世的一方的那一半的购买成本可以提升到过世时的市价,而不是房产的全部成本。

夫妻共有财产(Community Property)
夫妻婚后双方共同购买或一方购买的财产除非有特别声明否则均为夫妻共有财产,夫妻各自拥有支配一半财产的权利。如果婚后一方得到了受赠或继承的房产产权不是夫妻共有财产。美国共有8个州实行夫妻共有财产制,包括加州。
这种方式的产权房子属于夫妻共同财产。夫妻一方处置房产前必须征得另一方的同意,否则无效。任何一方都可以针对自己的一半产权自立遗嘱。如果没有遗嘱,一方去世后则由另一方取得产权。
夫妻若欠债此房产有可能被拍卖用来偿还任何一方或双方所欠下的债务。当夫妻有一方去世时夫妻共同共有的房产全部成本由原购买时的成本提升到该配偶去世时的市价。这样可以节省房地产因历经多年增值所产生的一大笔增值税。

夫妻共有财产未亡人权益(Community Property with Right of Survivorship)
这项规定是加州2000年通过,并于2001年开始执行的法律规定。这项产权持有方式最大的特点是强调了未亡人的权益优先。夫妻双方一方过世后房产即可归配偶所有。双方共同拥有产权登记的房产不受遗嘱的支配。与夫妻共有财产相比此种产权保护配偶的权益更彻底。

Yan Birkett
美国职业房地产经纪人服务芝加哥地区
Tell: (312) 970-9388
E-mail: Yan@YanBirkett.com
Web: www.YanBirkett.com
微信号:Yan3129708388


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